The global printing machinery industry has experienced remarkable advancements since the 1980s. Over the past two decades, it has evolved through three major developmental stages, each marked by significant technological and operational improvements. The first stage, spanning from the early 1980s to the early 1990s, was a golden era for offset printing technology. During this time, numerous manufacturers worldwide emerged as key players in the industry. Notable names included Heidelberg, Manroland, KBA, Miller, Planeta, and Polygraph from East Germany; Komori, Hamada, Akiyama, and Mitsubishi from Japan; Solna from Sweden; OMSCA from Italy; and Nebiolo and Harris from the United States. At that time, sheet-fed offset presses could print up to 10,000 copies per hour. The pre-adjustment time for a four-color press was typically around two hours. Automation during this phase focused on features like automatic paper feeding, collection, cleaning, ink color detection, ink volume adjustment, and remote registration control. Most manufacturers were capable of producing both single- and four-color presses, with many also offering double-sided printing capabilities. The second stage, from the early 1990s to the late 20th century, saw a major leap in the design and manufacturing of printing machines. Companies such as Heidelberg, Manroland, KBA, and Komori introduced new generations of high-speed models. These machines improved upon earlier models by increasing printing speeds from 10,000 to 15,000 prints per hour, while reducing pre-adjustment time from about two hours to just 15 minutes. Automation and efficiency were significantly enhanced, marking a turning point in the industry. Since the start of the 21st century, the third development stage has focused on digital integration and smart production. While some sheet-fed offset presses now reach speeds of 17,000 to 18,000 prints per hour, manufacturers have shifted their focus from maximizing speed to improving automation, reducing setup times, and optimizing workflow. Technologies like networking, digital workflows, and integrated management systems (MIS) have become central to modern printing machinery. Systems such as Heidelberg’s CP2000, Manroland’s PECOM, Komori’s DoNet, and KBA’s OPERA support full machine automation and data integration across the entire production chain. In addition, digital direct-to-plate (DI) presses have gained popularity, enabling faster and more efficient printing processes. Several notable models have emerged, including Komori’s Lithrone S40D, Ryobi’s 3404DI, KBA’s 74Karat, Heidelberg’s SM74DI, and the Kuiper QMDI46-4Pro. These machines offer advanced multi-color and double-sided printing, along with online post-processing functions, making them competitive with web presses in certain markets. According to EUMAPRINT statistics, the global printing machinery market faced challenges in 2002 due to economic downturns. Sales in countries like Germany, France, the U.S., Italy, and Switzerland declined compared to 2001. However, China and Russia showed growth. In 2001, Germany led in output value at $7.73 billion, followed by Japan, the U.S., the UK, and Italy. Exports were dominated by Germany, Japan, the U.S., Italy, and the UK. The U.S., China, Germany, Italy, the UK, and Japan were among the top importers. In 2003, Germany's printing machinery industry generated about €7 billion, reflecting a 13% decline from 2002. Despite this, German technology remained at the forefront, with over 30% global market share and an export rate of up to 80%. China became the second-largest export market for German printing equipment, highlighting its growing importance in the global market.

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