When readers buy books, whether the contents of the books and the design of the printing are attractive, whether the prices of the books are reasonable, etc., these are all important factors that influence the readers' purchase. As a publisher of books, when considering the production of high-quality books, it is also necessary to study how to reduce the cost of books, because the cost of books is an important factor influencing market competitiveness.
The cost of books includes many aspects such as paper, binding materials, plate making fees, printing fees, binding fees, draft fees, management fees, and issuance fees. It has close contact with all departments of publishing houses and all departments must try to reduce the cost of the books. Here, from the printing point of view, how to reduce the cost of books.
(I) Reasonable Arrangement of Plate Making and Printing Process and Saving of Printing Cost
1. Reasonably arrange the plate making process
(1) Text is the main text. There are different sizes of single-line illustration plates. There are two kinds of technological arrangements for this kind of manuscript: 1 The text of the lead line, and the illustrations of the copper and zinc plates. When multiple artwork is required to make a small piece of zinc plate, the original artwork with the same or larger scale may be pasted together to make a plate. After the zinc plate is made, it will be cut open. This can prevent the small zinc plate from being underpriced. The base number causes losses (as stipulated in the labor price standard, the base number is less than 20cm2 calculated as 20cm2). This plate-making process also depends on the amount of printing, whether there is a reprint value, and whether it is a paper-type printing or a letterpress printing. In general, books that are no longer in 10,000 volumes can be printed in letterpress.
2 Laser photocopying texts, illustrations are copied into photograms after being photographed, and the positive images of the illustrations can be placed in the texts sent out after printing. For the illustrations, it is also possible to paste the artwork with the same original size or the same shrinkage ratio into 4 shots or split photo photographs according to the number of artwork, which can reduce the number of shots and reduce the plate making cost. Some of the artwork and photocopying books are of poor quality. The publishers do not repair the artwork and submit it to the printing house for editing at the photocopying stage. This not only prolongs the production time, but can sometimes increase exponentially. This requires the publisher to fix the poor quality of the photocopy or artwork before the next manuscript and then print it out of the factory. This will not only save time but also save printing costs.
In the above two plate making processes, lead is cheaply priced, but the process is backward and time-consuming. In the case of a small amount of printing and ample time, lead line printing can be used for printing. Laser phototypes are fast and easy to modify, and laser phototypesetting is generally used.
(2) Color-based books and albums. When arranging electronic color separations, it is possible to paste together the artwork or photos with the same hue, the same original size or the same shrinkage ratio, and divide the prescribed size range according to the quotations in the quotations of the quotations, according to the number of artwork or photos. Different spellings such as 8 open, 4 open, etc. are used for color separation and plate making, which can save the plate making cost.
(3) Cover plate and ring lining plate making. For covers and ring linings with a large number of prints and a large number of transitions, electronic color separation and photolithographic plates should be used for printing. For a relatively small number of prints, simple cover and ring lining, you can consider using the method of making copper and zinc plates for printing. Plate printing can reduce the plate-making fee and printing fee.
(4) Reasonably select paper specifications and conduct rational spelling. Reasonable use of paper specifications can reduce the cost of books. For example: 1 set of 4 850×1168 32 hardcover protective seals, the spine thickness is about 40mm, the seal is 5-color offset printing (including a false color printing), the number of printing is 5000 sets, with 128g/m2 or 157g/m2 coated paper printing. If you use the 787×1092 specification paper book printing, a piece of paper can be 6 (that is, 6 open), a full set of books a total of 4 copies, the printing fee is 1400 yuan, the printing fee is 2000 yuan, a total of 3400 yuan. If you consider the use of 889 × 1194 size paper, a sheet of paper can be 8 (ie 8 open), four books of seals can be combined into a template to print, the printing fee is 350 yuan, the printing fee is 750 yuan, a total of 1,100 yuan. Compared with the two, the difference is as much as RMB 2,300, which shows the importance of rational selection of paper specifications.
For the positive opening method, such as 20 open, 24 open and color children's books, etc., in addition to the rational use of paper specifications, but also pay attention to a reasonable spelling version. For example, 787×10921/20 format, there are vertical and horizontal open the two. For the vertical version of 20 copies, in the fight group large version, you can spell out 12 large and 12 pairs of small off, large off can be imported equipment such as four-color or two-color offset printing (imported offset printing machine larger format ), a small off-side can be used domestic offset printing, so you can save the printing and printing costs. Because the vertical 20 split into a flower 3 open printing compared with the size of the split print, printing costs and printing fees will increase by 1/3. Another example is the horizontal 20 format, spelled into the size of open (a piece of paper is divided into two parts of the size) printing is not conducive to hardcover cable, you can consider spelling 880 × 12301/24, because 880 × 12301/24 and 787 × 10921/20 The size of the close, spelled 880 × 12301/24 printing, compared to spell 787 × 10921/20, with flowers 3 open printing printing costs to be low.
In addition, you should try to avoid zero pages when you make a block edition. Because a book has other parts besides the text, such as pages, sequences, catalogs, copyright pages, etc., it is not difficult to make a total number of faces in multiples of four. Zero pages will increase the cost of printing.
2. Reasonably arrange the printing process
For general 32- or 16-open single- and bi-color books, the number of prints is more than 50,000 copies, and the printer is usually arranged for printing. Because the webcam is fast and the printed pages are folded, the printing costs are lower than those of flatbed printers. However, for books under 50,000 volumes, lead lines can be printed by large automatic, small automatic, or eight-page machines: Laser photocopying can be printed using a BB type double-sided offset printing machine. This is a printing machine that prints books and magazines. Calculate the printing fee; or use type 01, type 08 single-color offset press printing, this type of offset printing press is a single-sided printing press, according to the color order to calculate the printing fee. However, using a BB offset press is faster than a monochrome offset press and the printing cost is low. For the picture book with high quality requirements, two-color or four-color offset printing machines should be used as far as possible; for large-scale, such as New Year pictures, front and back ring linings of books, etc., a single-color offset printing machine should be used for printing, and the printing quality is better.
The printing staff should understand the performance of various printing presses and the calculation standards of the wages. Otherwise, they may use unreasonable printing processes with high costs, which will result in a decline in the quality of books and increase in costs. For example: some simple color covers and single-page illustrations, in the range of a certain number of printing, using the method of printing copper and zinc plate printing, the printing costs are reasonable; if you exceed a certain range of printing, the printing costs will change The use of offset printing is relatively high, which is unreasonable. In addition, covers, illustrations and other large-volume books, but also consider the use of dual-printing and rotary support. Some horizontal 32 open offset textbooks, such as art textbooks, have been changed to dual printing, which is not only conducive to binding, but also guarantees quality and cost reduction.
(B) Reasonable selection of paper materials
Paper materials account for a large proportion of the cost of books, accounting for more than 40%. Therefore, the rational choice of paper materials is an important aspect of reducing the cost of books.
Ordinary books, such as document compilations, learning materials, literary readings, etc., can be used in plain paper with 52 g/m2 letterpress paper. Hardcover can be used with 60 g/m2 or 70 g/m2 offset paper.
Monochrome 60g/m2 paper for songs and children's books, and 80g/m2 offset paper for color.
Textbooks generally use 49-60g/m2 relief paper; the paperback paperback paper uses 52g/m2 letterpress paper, hardcover books can use 40g/m2 dictionary paper, and general technical standards can use 80-120g/m2 offset paper.
Pictures and albums, generally with 80 ~ 120g/m2 offset paper and 100 ~ 128g/m2 coated paper; according to the degree of fine print of pictures and pictures, open the choice of offset paper or coated paper and gram. New Year pictures and posters generally use 50-80g/m2 single-sided offset paper, 52-50g/m2 letterpress paper for comics, and 256g/m2 glass card for high-precision small prints.
Magazines generally use 52 ~ 80g/m2 paper, monochrome generally use 60g/m2 writing paper or offset paper, color generally use 80g/m2 offset paper.
Books, magazines cover, inserts and lining pages: 100 to 150 g/m2 paper for 200 pages, 200 to 180 g/m2 paper for 200 pages, 80 to 150 g/m2 paper for inserts, and the thickness of the book is generally based on the thickness of the book. Choose between 80 ~ 150g/m2.
The above paper is for reference only. It should be noted, however, that the same grams of paper, the heavier the number of grams, the higher the price, the increase in the weight of the text paper, the thickness of the spine is also thickened, and sometimes the weight and opening number of the cover paper must be adjusted, resulting in a series of The associated relationship has often increased paper costs.
The careful selection of paper materials is by no means a matter of cutting corners and sloppy production, regardless of the effect of publishing. For example, the use of plain paper for printing finer screen versions will make the layout ambiguous and invalid, resulting in waste. Another example is that newsprint can be used as an ordinary reading material, and books that require long-term preservation cannot use weatherproof newsprint. In short, under the condition of not affecting the printing effect and quality, try to use paper with lower cost to reduce the cost of the book.
As a printing person, in order to reduce the cost of books in the aspects of plate making, printing, and paper, it is necessary to be familiar with and master the technical knowledge of printing production, the printing and printing price standards, and the paper specifications. Only in this way can we make better use of the printing plant's production capacity, improve the quality of books, shorten the production cycle, and reduce the cost of books. The printing staff must also elaborate the printing work, create favorable conditions for each link, and try to avoid mistakes in the printing work so as to achieve the purpose of ensuring the printing quality and reducing the cost of the book.
The cost of books includes many aspects such as paper, binding materials, plate making fees, printing fees, binding fees, draft fees, management fees, and issuance fees. It has close contact with all departments of publishing houses and all departments must try to reduce the cost of the books. Here, from the printing point of view, how to reduce the cost of books.
(I) Reasonable Arrangement of Plate Making and Printing Process and Saving of Printing Cost
1. Reasonably arrange the plate making process
(1) Text is the main text. There are different sizes of single-line illustration plates. There are two kinds of technological arrangements for this kind of manuscript: 1 The text of the lead line, and the illustrations of the copper and zinc plates. When multiple artwork is required to make a small piece of zinc plate, the original artwork with the same or larger scale may be pasted together to make a plate. After the zinc plate is made, it will be cut open. This can prevent the small zinc plate from being underpriced. The base number causes losses (as stipulated in the labor price standard, the base number is less than 20cm2 calculated as 20cm2). This plate-making process also depends on the amount of printing, whether there is a reprint value, and whether it is a paper-type printing or a letterpress printing. In general, books that are no longer in 10,000 volumes can be printed in letterpress.
2 Laser photocopying texts, illustrations are copied into photograms after being photographed, and the positive images of the illustrations can be placed in the texts sent out after printing. For the illustrations, it is also possible to paste the artwork with the same original size or the same shrinkage ratio into 4 shots or split photo photographs according to the number of artwork, which can reduce the number of shots and reduce the plate making cost. Some of the artwork and photocopying books are of poor quality. The publishers do not repair the artwork and submit it to the printing house for editing at the photocopying stage. This not only prolongs the production time, but can sometimes increase exponentially. This requires the publisher to fix the poor quality of the photocopy or artwork before the next manuscript and then print it out of the factory. This will not only save time but also save printing costs.
In the above two plate making processes, lead is cheaply priced, but the process is backward and time-consuming. In the case of a small amount of printing and ample time, lead line printing can be used for printing. Laser phototypes are fast and easy to modify, and laser phototypesetting is generally used.
(2) Color-based books and albums. When arranging electronic color separations, it is possible to paste together the artwork or photos with the same hue, the same original size or the same shrinkage ratio, and divide the prescribed size range according to the quotations in the quotations of the quotations, according to the number of artwork or photos. Different spellings such as 8 open, 4 open, etc. are used for color separation and plate making, which can save the plate making cost.
(3) Cover plate and ring lining plate making. For covers and ring linings with a large number of prints and a large number of transitions, electronic color separation and photolithographic plates should be used for printing. For a relatively small number of prints, simple cover and ring lining, you can consider using the method of making copper and zinc plates for printing. Plate printing can reduce the plate-making fee and printing fee.
(4) Reasonably select paper specifications and conduct rational spelling. Reasonable use of paper specifications can reduce the cost of books. For example: 1 set of 4 850×1168 32 hardcover protective seals, the spine thickness is about 40mm, the seal is 5-color offset printing (including a false color printing), the number of printing is 5000 sets, with 128g/m2 or 157g/m2 coated paper printing. If you use the 787×1092 specification paper book printing, a piece of paper can be 6 (that is, 6 open), a full set of books a total of 4 copies, the printing fee is 1400 yuan, the printing fee is 2000 yuan, a total of 3400 yuan. If you consider the use of 889 × 1194 size paper, a sheet of paper can be 8 (ie 8 open), four books of seals can be combined into a template to print, the printing fee is 350 yuan, the printing fee is 750 yuan, a total of 1,100 yuan. Compared with the two, the difference is as much as RMB 2,300, which shows the importance of rational selection of paper specifications.
For the positive opening method, such as 20 open, 24 open and color children's books, etc., in addition to the rational use of paper specifications, but also pay attention to a reasonable spelling version. For example, 787×10921/20 format, there are vertical and horizontal open the two. For the vertical version of 20 copies, in the fight group large version, you can spell out 12 large and 12 pairs of small off, large off can be imported equipment such as four-color or two-color offset printing (imported offset printing machine larger format ), a small off-side can be used domestic offset printing, so you can save the printing and printing costs. Because the vertical 20 split into a flower 3 open printing compared with the size of the split print, printing costs and printing fees will increase by 1/3. Another example is the horizontal 20 format, spelled into the size of open (a piece of paper is divided into two parts of the size) printing is not conducive to hardcover cable, you can consider spelling 880 × 12301/24, because 880 × 12301/24 and 787 × 10921/20 The size of the close, spelled 880 × 12301/24 printing, compared to spell 787 × 10921/20, with flowers 3 open printing printing costs to be low.
In addition, you should try to avoid zero pages when you make a block edition. Because a book has other parts besides the text, such as pages, sequences, catalogs, copyright pages, etc., it is not difficult to make a total number of faces in multiples of four. Zero pages will increase the cost of printing.
2. Reasonably arrange the printing process
For general 32- or 16-open single- and bi-color books, the number of prints is more than 50,000 copies, and the printer is usually arranged for printing. Because the webcam is fast and the printed pages are folded, the printing costs are lower than those of flatbed printers. However, for books under 50,000 volumes, lead lines can be printed by large automatic, small automatic, or eight-page machines: Laser photocopying can be printed using a BB type double-sided offset printing machine. This is a printing machine that prints books and magazines. Calculate the printing fee; or use type 01, type 08 single-color offset press printing, this type of offset printing press is a single-sided printing press, according to the color order to calculate the printing fee. However, using a BB offset press is faster than a monochrome offset press and the printing cost is low. For the picture book with high quality requirements, two-color or four-color offset printing machines should be used as far as possible; for large-scale, such as New Year pictures, front and back ring linings of books, etc., a single-color offset printing machine should be used for printing, and the printing quality is better.
The printing staff should understand the performance of various printing presses and the calculation standards of the wages. Otherwise, they may use unreasonable printing processes with high costs, which will result in a decline in the quality of books and increase in costs. For example: some simple color covers and single-page illustrations, in the range of a certain number of printing, using the method of printing copper and zinc plate printing, the printing costs are reasonable; if you exceed a certain range of printing, the printing costs will change The use of offset printing is relatively high, which is unreasonable. In addition, covers, illustrations and other large-volume books, but also consider the use of dual-printing and rotary support. Some horizontal 32 open offset textbooks, such as art textbooks, have been changed to dual printing, which is not only conducive to binding, but also guarantees quality and cost reduction.
(B) Reasonable selection of paper materials
Paper materials account for a large proportion of the cost of books, accounting for more than 40%. Therefore, the rational choice of paper materials is an important aspect of reducing the cost of books.
Ordinary books, such as document compilations, learning materials, literary readings, etc., can be used in plain paper with 52 g/m2 letterpress paper. Hardcover can be used with 60 g/m2 or 70 g/m2 offset paper.
Monochrome 60g/m2 paper for songs and children's books, and 80g/m2 offset paper for color.
Textbooks generally use 49-60g/m2 relief paper; the paperback paperback paper uses 52g/m2 letterpress paper, hardcover books can use 40g/m2 dictionary paper, and general technical standards can use 80-120g/m2 offset paper.
Pictures and albums, generally with 80 ~ 120g/m2 offset paper and 100 ~ 128g/m2 coated paper; according to the degree of fine print of pictures and pictures, open the choice of offset paper or coated paper and gram. New Year pictures and posters generally use 50-80g/m2 single-sided offset paper, 52-50g/m2 letterpress paper for comics, and 256g/m2 glass card for high-precision small prints.
Magazines generally use 52 ~ 80g/m2 paper, monochrome generally use 60g/m2 writing paper or offset paper, color generally use 80g/m2 offset paper.
Books, magazines cover, inserts and lining pages: 100 to 150 g/m2 paper for 200 pages, 200 to 180 g/m2 paper for 200 pages, 80 to 150 g/m2 paper for inserts, and the thickness of the book is generally based on the thickness of the book. Choose between 80 ~ 150g/m2.
The above paper is for reference only. It should be noted, however, that the same grams of paper, the heavier the number of grams, the higher the price, the increase in the weight of the text paper, the thickness of the spine is also thickened, and sometimes the weight and opening number of the cover paper must be adjusted, resulting in a series of The associated relationship has often increased paper costs.
The careful selection of paper materials is by no means a matter of cutting corners and sloppy production, regardless of the effect of publishing. For example, the use of plain paper for printing finer screen versions will make the layout ambiguous and invalid, resulting in waste. Another example is that newsprint can be used as an ordinary reading material, and books that require long-term preservation cannot use weatherproof newsprint. In short, under the condition of not affecting the printing effect and quality, try to use paper with lower cost to reduce the cost of the book.
As a printing person, in order to reduce the cost of books in the aspects of plate making, printing, and paper, it is necessary to be familiar with and master the technical knowledge of printing production, the printing and printing price standards, and the paper specifications. Only in this way can we make better use of the printing plant's production capacity, improve the quality of books, shorten the production cycle, and reduce the cost of books. The printing staff must also elaborate the printing work, create favorable conditions for each link, and try to avoid mistakes in the printing work so as to achieve the purpose of ensuring the printing quality and reducing the cost of the book.
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